cognition psycholinguistics language and thought connotation grammar usa linguistic relativity colonialism slang identity politics europe syntax Sapir-Whorf hypothesis phonetics stereotypes historical linguistics communication accommodation theory alphabet ancient greece language learning contact language comparative method social status ambiguity accent brain sociolinguistics ai language communication ancient history spain computational linguistics britain spanish language is areal linguistics loanwords 20th century language evolution vocabulary china etymology language and culture code-switching acoustic phonetics conquistadors language change language history anatomy ancient languages french phonology mental lexicon spanish shakespeare linguistic diversity corpus linguistics french language japanese language 19th century language ancient rome esperanto language revival latin africa colonialism semantics italian language german english language africa latin language writing systems accents american english