cognition language and thought psycholinguistics grammar connotation usa linguistic relativity colonialism europe syntax slang identity politics Sapir-Whorf hypothesis phonetics historical linguistics language learning communication accommodation theory alphabet stereotypes ambiguity accent ancient greece sociolinguistics communication ancient history spain brain ai language spanish language 20th century language evolution china vocabulary language and culture etymology acoustic phonetics computational linguistics language change language history comparative method anatomy ancient languages french phonology spanish linguistic diversity conquistadors contact language french language japanese language 19th century ancient rome britain latin loanwords africa colonialism esperanto social status italian language english language africa semantics is writing systems latin language accents american english lernen pragmatics german shakespeare writing system cross-cultural communication history affix